This often happens when running ChromeDriver/Chrome using a special test harness (perhaps an IDE) or continuous build system (e.g., Jenkins).
First, try launching the same Chrome binary that your test uses from a normal user command prompt (check your chromedriver.log file to see what Chrome is being used). If you are passing any special command line switches/arguments to Chrome, make sure to include those too. If Chrome fails to start correctly, you need to fix your installation of Chrome (perhaps by re-installing).
Assuming you are able to run Chrome from a command prompt, your next step should be to see if the same problem occurs when running your test in a simple testing environment (preferably launching the test binary/script directly from a normal user's command prompt). You should also check that you are able to launch Chrome directly from your test (without using WebDriver/ChromeDriver). For example, in Java, you may use the ProcessBuilder API to start the Chrome binary directly. If your test exhibits the same problem even in a simple testing environment, file a new issue with instructions on how to reproduce the problem.
Otherwise, if the problem only occurs in your special testing environment:
Using Chrome's alternate installer. This will install Chrome for all users. This often fixes problems if you are running Selenium as a background service.